Tree-handling apparatus.



DEF. .PREVOS T. TREE HANDLING APPARATUS. APPUCAHON FILED FEAR. i9 I913.RENEWED 0015, I914,'

1,138,972; PatentediMay 11, 1915;

' s SHEETS-SHEEf I.

A TTORNEYJS.

D. F..PREVOST.

TREE HANDLING APPARATUS. APPLICAUON FILED MAR- i9, I913; RENEWED OCT-6,19l4- -1,138,972. 1 Patented May 11, 1915;

I 3 SHEETS-SHEET 2- I III. 9

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WITNESSES: I Q I LVVENTOR.

@LQZGJWW/ A TTORNEYS- p. F. PBEVOST.

TREE HANDLING APPARATUS. APPLICAITIWF Fl LED MAR-19,1913. RENEWED OCT.6, 1914.

Patented May 11, 1915.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

. INVENTOR, M 7 W Y BY WIT/V5: SES:

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PATENT eerie DWIGHT F. EREVOS'I, OF NEW YORK, Y.

TREE-HANDLING APPARATUS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented May it, 1 915.

Application filed March 19, 1913, Serial No. 755,344. Renewed October 6,1914. Serial No. 885,277.

T all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, DWIGHT Framers Pnnvosr, a citizen of the UnitedStates of Ameriga, residing at New York, in the county of New York andState of New York, have invented a new and useful Tree- HandlingApparatus,- (the same being an improvement of the device forlifting andtransporting trees set forth in United States Letters Patent No.639,286,) of which the following'is a specification.

My invention relates to improvements in mechanism or apparatus, carriedby a vehicle of the truck type, for lifting, securing fortransportation, and lowering tall objects of great weight, and' moreespecially trees of such large dimcnsionsthat their re moval fortransplanting would be diflicult if not impossible of accomplishmentwithout apparatus especially designed'for that purpose, and saidinvention resides in certain peculiar elevating, turning, and loweringmeans applicable to a truck, and especially to a motor-driven truck, all'as hereinafter set forth.

The size or bulk, weight and shape of trees renders diflicult the taskoftransplanting them, and for this work powerful ap-.

paratus is required .that is capable of lifting atree bodily out of thehole which is first dug around and under the roots at the base of thehole, of mounting such tree on a truck in proper position fortransportation and securely retaining it in such position while beingtransported, to any required distance, and, upon arrival at the, placewherethe tree is .tobe reset, of lowering the sameinto the new hole dugto receive it or its root base, and the primary object of my inventionis to provide highly efiicient means for expeditiously and convenient/i5doing the aforesaid work with the minimum amount of labor. 1

-T he advantage of employing a motordriven truck for moving trees to aconsiderable distance is obrious, and the need of a 1 low-down frame andwheels of a. fa i'rly large diameter self-evident, consequently thetreehandling mechanism applied to such a truck must beof such a natureas to enable certain dot the supporting parts with a tree thereon ito beelevated above the horizontal plane of the tops of the rear wheels andto be turned vhile thus elevated. The apparatus which forms the subjectof this appl cation 1 neludes means for thus raising and turning acarrying or transporting vehicle the tree, and then lowering the same.These operations must be performed when. the tree loaded, and again whenthe tree is unloaded. This feature is not found in my Patent, No.639,286, but is very essential to the successful combination, with atruck of the type herein mentioned, and an example of which isillustrated in connection herewith. of tree-handling appliances, or tothe conversion of such a truck into a treehandling apparatus, completeand practicable in all respects.

A. further novel feature of the invention is the means whereby unduelength of body of the truck is obviated, and herein isfound one of the,objects of said invention.

The other structural features of the ap paratus are generally found inthe aforesaid Q patent, although in a less highly developed state thanand in some cases lacking certain improvements that appear I herein andas will be more particularly pointed out hereinafter, and the principaloperativefeatures or functions in a broad sense are very much the samein both cases.

aspects are not material and may be modified without departure from thespirit of the invention.

In the drawings, in which like numerals designate like parts throughoutthe several views, Figure l motor-driven truck, with which is embodiedin practical form the tree-handling elements as considered apart fromthe truck itself, the latter, of course, being also a tree-handlingelement in that it supports the otherelements, furnishes throughthemedium of its engine power for operating cortain'of said first4ncniionedelements, and serves as for the trees; Fig. "l, a top plan of the rearend is a side elevation of a 1'10 por- 1 tion of the apparatus as awhole; Fig. 3, a

top plan of the elevator-operating mechanism, including the transmissiontherefor, and of so-much of the truck body or frame as is need 6.vtosupport said mechanism,

Fig. l, an enlarged rear end elevation of the apparatus, the partsinthis Vienna-in first two views and Fig. 6, being initially disposed orin what may be termed normal position; Fig. 5, a cross section on lines5+5, looking down,

larged cross-section taken looking in the direction of the associatedarrow, in Fig. 1; Fig. in side elevation, showing tilted; Fig. '8, asimilar operative view showing said carrier after it is turned into,anapproximately horizontal position and "with its platform drawnforward; Fig. 9, still another operative elevation showing the partswhi'char'e supported on the elevator raised by the latter in readinessto be turned half-way a'round'through the medium of the tum-table,without contacting with the rear wheels of the truck; of the samemovable parts as before after they are turned and lowered onto the truckframe again, and, Fig. 11, a detail of the up er end portion of thetrack plate.

f the .truck therear wheels and the frame are the elements most closelyconnected or intimately associated with the other elements of theinvention, although natur: ally the truck as a whole is an essentialfactor. Such wheels appear at 1-1 and such a frame at 2 in theaccompanying truck illustrations.

the bole-carrier Located in the rear of the vertical axial.

plane of the wheels 1 is an elevator 3. This elevator is in the form ofa round turntable base andrests on four verticalscrews 4; which aresupported by two cross-pieces 6 that are rigidly attached to the frame 2underneath the same. The elevator screws-4 are not mounted directly inthe cross-pieces 6, but in sleeves 7 which are mounted directly in saidcross-pieces and arranged to rotate therein without reciprocation. Thehearings for the sleeves 7 consist in part of removable clamps 8 boltedto the cross-pieces 6', and bearing balls 9 may be used, as shown at theloft handof Fig. 3, where the clamp is removed and the sleeve shown insection- The screws l 'are in threaded engagement with the sleeves 7,and said screws are pre-' vented from rotating by any suitable meanssuch angular heads i on the screws and angular sockets l] on the bottomof the elevator 3 into which said heads are received,

together with pi n5 '1 The l otter pass th rou gl'i ed thcrmn, althoughother \velLknown moons are available. Each sleeve 7 is provided at thetop with. an integral Worm-wheel 1.3.

The screws 4 are operated the in Fig. 4: Fig. 6 an enoii lines lid-60,

7, an operative view, I

Fig. 10, a side elevation the frame 7 are rotated, being raised orlowered accordi said s eeves,' and said sleeves are driven through themedium of the worm-wheels 13, 3y the transmission mechani'sm'describedbe- Suitably journaled in the frame 2 in front of each pair said frame,is provided with a pair tion and arrangement that said worms engage saidThe shafts 14 are also provided wheels .16, there being one such wheelin the center of each shaft. Suitabl journaled in the cross-pieces 6' isa shaft 1 longitudinally. of the frame 2 and is directl below theworm-wheels 16, and this she. has two worms 18 which are so positionedthereby that they engage said worm-wheels. In Fig. 3 fragments of a maindriving shaft and an intermediate shaft are represented at 19 and 20respectively.

a horizontal shaft 14 which is diate shaft 20 through engaging gears: 21and 22 which'respectively are secured said shafts, and from said.intermediate shaft to the shaft 17 through certain other gears, a shaft23 suitably journaled beneath 2 beyond or at the left :of said 1 anoblique shaft 24 and um- .versal couplings 25--25, one ofsaidcou-,therear end of said shaft shaft 20, and

plings connecting I v 23 with the adJacent end of'said'oblique shaft andthe other of said couplings. con-,

of worm-wheels 13, crosswise of Y of worms 15, the loca of parts beingsuch worm-wheels. with wormwhen the sleeves to the direction of therotation of' that extends Power 13 transmit- A ted from the main shaft19 to the inter-me 00 .1

onl'

necting the-front end of said shaft .17'with the ad acent end of saidoblique shaft." The gears last referred to comprise a "gear 26"- theshaft 20 to revolve there-- mounted on with, but adapted toslidethereon, two gears 27 and 28 secured on the shaft23,uand anintermediate gear 29 mounted to mesh with said gear 28. The gear 26bears such relation to the gears 27 and 29that it can be actuatedforward gear 27 and rearward into engagement with the gear 29.

The gear 26revolves in one direction and,

receives its motion from the shaft 19 throu h the medium of the gears 21and 22 and t e shaft 20; and, when said first-mentioned is in mesh withthe gear 27, the shafts 23 24 and 17 are driven in the direction toraise the elevator-.3, as the worms 18 actuate the wov-mrwhcels 16 andthe shafts 14, the worms 15 actuate the. worm-wheels 13 and the sleeves7, and the latter act on the screws 4-, and, when, inmesh with the gear29, said slzai'tsund other rcvoluble parts are driven in the oppositedirection,-since the goar 28 is rotated by the gear 2?) in the oppositedii'nto engagement with the we! ion to that given the gear 27. by thegear i 26 in the first instance, and said screws'are drawn downward andcarry with them said elevator. The gear 26 represented in nontralposition in Fig. 3, as 1t must be at such times as it is desired toeither raise or lower. the; elevator. As a simple and con venientdevicefor shifting the gen r .28 on the shaft from neutral position intoeither of its two active positions and back again to neutral position Ihave shown lover or shipper which is pivotally connected with orfulcruined (at 31) on the shaft 19, is provided at its outer terminalwith a handle into engagement with the gear 27, and. that,

when said handle is moved forwardly, said gear- 26 is 'actiiated intoengagement with the gear 29, assuming in each case that said. gear 26 isinitially in neutral position. The movements required on the part of theshipper 30 to actuate the gear23 into neutral position and to changedirection are clear from the foregoing in connection with the drawing.

' Pivotally mounted-aha) on the elevator 3, with balls interposed, is aturn-table 34, and forming a part of said turn-table is a platform 35which is necessarily too long to he turned around .or half-way around inthe space between the wheels 1.

transverse stop 36 and at the other end uncierneath with one or inorerollers 3?.

stands with the platform 3?) extending longitudinally of the frame 52.andwith the stop 36 at the front and the rollers 3? at the rear.

hen the elevatm' 3 is down. the rollers 37 hear and may rule on thel'ranie 2. such.

through the top the eof a pair of dovetail grooves v I Mounted on therotatable platform 35 is a sliding! plai'lforxn 2-33 he platform 39 isprovided the bottom with a pair of dovetail ribs 40 to fit and slide inthe grooves 38. The stop 36 prevents ll rm or slide 39. from leaving thepl where said stop is located.

A holea'arrier is pro ided. which in some .pects siniila to llmrorrisponding ele- The platform is provided at one end on top with aWhen i the turntable 34 is normally disposed it that it meshes with saidrack.

in ntin my prior apparatus. Said boleearrier comprises a frame 4-1 whichhas a pair of rigid-v attached arms 42 that are pivotallv mounted on orattacherfl to (at li-l the sliding platiornrll). and a post 44 mountedto slide longitudiimllv in said frame. The frame ll here presented COH'.sists of corner irons rigidly connected suitable braces or crcswpieccsand. having inturned edges "ill-4 5, 2 and 5, to tit into longitudinalgrooves 46 in the sides of the post il-l. Thus the post ll is securelysiuiported and suitably guided. Braces 4-7 extend between the frame al-land the arms 42.

A pair of brackets 48 on the frame 41 support two shafts 4-9 and 51.Upon the shalt if) is si eurod a pinion and a gear 53,

and upon the shaft 51 is secured a small gear or pinion M in mesh withsaid. gear There is a longitudinal rack on the post 444, which projectsbetween the adjacent outer edges of the corner pieces of the frame 41,and the pinion. is so located.

The shaft 51 is designed to have a crank attached to either end thereof.and when said shaft is rotated its pinion. 54 actuatcs the gear 53 andso causes motion to be transmitted through the shaft 19 and the piniont0 the rack and the post ll. It is by this means and in this manner thatthe post is elevated and depressed, accordingly as the shaft 51 berotated in one direction or the other. 'lliere is an eye 56 in one sideof the frame all, and a hoolr 57 attached to the sliding platform 39 toengage said eye, when the hole-carrier is tilted from the'vertical intoan approximately horizontal position, and assist in retaining it in suchlast-mentioned positions Tl'ie post H; is provided on its outer facewith an upper saddle-block 55% and a lowef saddle-block 59, (it beingassumed for the purpose of this description that said post is in itsvertical position), and at its base with a support or pan (31 for theroot base of the tree; and said post is equipped, at or adjacent to eachof said saddle-blocks, with ashait 62 for a. chain 63 used to bind thehole to the Mock, the ends of such chain being fastened to such shaft,and a. ratchet and pawl 65 for such shaft. The .functions of thesebinding and releasing mernpecially being a direct supporting dium at alltimes after the loading nences. This is a valuable feature of theinvention because of the additional facilities afforded thereby fordistributing the load and the direct support which it affords for theroot base; moreover, supporting means supplementary to the arms 42 forthe entire load are furnished.

A track-plate 67 is provided for the offset at the base of thebole-carrier to ride on at certain stages f the loading and unloadingoperations, and relieving the arms 42 and other parts of considerablestrain, and furnishinia good support for the members that carry t e treebase while said carrier is being drawn bodily upward and forward inloading and moved bodily rearward and downward in unloading. Thetrack-plate 67 is provided at one end with hooks, one of whichissclearly shown at 71, in Fig. 11, to fit into .slots 68-68, Fig. 2, inthe platform at the end opposite the stop 36. The arrangement of partsis such that, when the trackplate is in place, with its hooks in theslots 68, the top of said plate ison a level with 3 the top ofthe'platform-35, as shown. in Fig. 75- A roller 69 is mounted on thefront of the pan 61 toride on the track-plate 67 and the platform 35.

A rope-hoisting device or Windlass is carriedby the truck just behindthe seat, the purpose of which will. appear presently.

Having now described the construction of my apparatus, I will nextproceed to explain the manner of its operation. In the first place thetruck is backed up to the hole dug around the roots of the tree to beremoved, the bole-carrier is lowered vertically into such hole, with somuch of said carrier in contact with the tree base as the nature of thesame will permit, and the hole is made fast to the post 44: or to thesaddleblocks 58 and 59, by means of the chains 63, the shafts 62, andthe ratcbets 64: and pawls 65. Then a crank is applied to the shaft 51,and thepiniou 54, gear 53 and pinion are actuated to raise the rack andso lift the post 44: and with it the tree. After the tree is raisedvertically "in a'direct line in this manner and clear of the bottom ofthe hole, the bole-carrier with said tree is tilted, the top of saidcarrier coming forward and the pan. 61 going rearward, and the trackplate 67 is placed in position under the'rollcr 69. The tilting of thebolc'carrier is at all times done on the: pivotal. points 4:3.

A rope and tackle are employed to tilt .the parts and to bring about thenext succeeding operation, presently to be explained, such rope beingfastenedto the tree near the top and connected with the -'Wl.Yl ll LSS70. I

. Since the rope and tackle form no part of my invention, and theapplication of the same will differ more or less in every case it is notdeemed necessary or feasible to attempt to illustrate them in connectionhere-' ribs 40 sliding in the grooves 38, by the continned winding up ofthe aforesaid rope,

and that the roller 69 has moved up on the track-plate 67, until theparts stand, asshown inFig. 7. The rope in being wound. up acts throughthe tree and bole-carrier, in-

cluding the arms' 42, to tilt said tree and carrier and at the same timeto draw for;

Ward the platform 39, and, as said rope continues to be wound up,saidcarrier is rocked into an approximately horizontal position, andsaid platformis actuated forward into contact with the stop 36 whichlimits further movement in that direction, the parts sup-' ported bysaid platform going with it, and

the roller 69 riding off of the track-plate 67 onto the platform Thetilting orrocking members are now resting entirely and directly on theplatforms 39 and 35, which in turn are supported by the turn-tablemembers and the frame 2, and are disposed as represented in Fig. 8. Therollers 37 are still bearing on the rear-end platform'part of the frame2. Next the shipper 30 is actuated to' throw the gear QG'into mesh withthe gear 27, and so to cause the power-trans mission mechanism tOcperateto raise the elevator means and in the mannerhereinbefore fullydescribed, until the bottom of the platform 35 -is above the level ofthe tops of the v 105 wheels 1. As soon as this position is reached thepower to the elevator is shut oil or discontinued. The parts thusdisposed appear in Fig. 9. While in this elevated position,

The latter is raised, by the which enables the platform 35 to clear thewheels 1, said platform with all above it is turned half-way around onand with the turn-table 34, so as to present the pan 61 and the rootbase supported thereon to the front and the branches of the tree to therear, this being the only position in which such an object as a tree canbe transported to advantage. Finally the power is applied to lower theelevator and its load onto the frame 2 again-see Fig. 10. When this isfront of the elevator 33, instead of behind the latter as in the firstinstance. Upon ar-- riving at the new hole dug for the tree, movementsjust the reverse to those described above are required, that is to say,

the elevator is raised, the platform 35 is turned to present the pan .61to, the rear,

said elevator is lowered, said platferm is' moved re'arwardly and theroller 69 caused to ,move from said platform onto and to descend thetrack-plate, which has been ted to assume such position and the post llis then lowered until the tree rests on the bottom of said hole, and thechains (ii hare cast off. This last is not done,of course, until thetree is able to stand without sup port from the apparatus.

When the bole-carrier is in the vertical position, the lower part of theframe 41 bears against the rear end of the frame 1 and the arms 42 arein a horizontal position, thus such arms and said frame are responsiblcfor the assumption and maintenance of such position by said carrier.

In loading, as in unloading, the trackplate 67 is used only while thebole-carrier is tilted well out of the perpenl'licular, and while theroller 69 is missing-overthe adjacent end of-the platform As soon as theroller 69 is on the platform 35, the hook 57 is engaged with the eye 56,and said hook is not disengaged from said eye again until, in unloading,the platform 39 is about to be moved toward the rear, Thus thebole-carrier during practically the entire time that it occupies theapproximate'ly horizontal position is locked in such position, as willbe seen upon again referring to Figs. 8, 9 and 10. 4

\Vhat I claim "as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent,is f 1. An apparatus, of the class described,

comprising a. bole-carrier, means to tilt such carrier into anapproximately horizontal position, meansto elevate'and depress saidcarrier, and means to, turn said carrier end for end While raised bysaid elevating and depressing means.

2. An apparatus, of the class described, comprising lifting and loweringmeans for a tree, tilting means for such first-mentioned means, andelevating and depressing means and turning means for such tilting means.i v

3. An apparatus, of the class described,- comprising lifting andlowering means for a tree, tilting means for such firsumen tioned means,and reciprocable -means and turning means for said 'tiltin means 4. Anapparatus, of the cass described, comprising lifting andlowerin-g meansfor a. tree, tilting means for such first-mentioned means, andreciproc'able i'neans ,ele-

rating and depressing means, and turning means for such tilting means.

In apparatus of the class said platform. 11. The combination, inapparatus of the described, a

vehicle frame, an elevator supported thereby, a rotatable member on saidelevator, and a bole-carrier supported by said rotatable member.

(3. In apparatus, of the class described, a vehicle frame, an elevatorsupported thereby, a-rotatable member on said elevator, a sliding membersupported by said rotatable member, and a bole-carrier connected withsaid sliding member.

' 7. In apparatus of the class described, a

by, a turn-table on said elevator, a .platform on said turn-table, saidplatform be- .75 vehicle frame, an elevator supported thereing providedwith a member to ride on said frame, a sliding platform mounted onsaidfirst-mentioned platform, and a bole-carrier connected with saidslidingplatform.

8. In apparatus of the class described, a vehicle ,frame, an elevatorsupported thereby, a rotatable platform on said elevator, a slidingplatform mounted on said first-mentioned platform, the latter beingprovided at one end with a stop for said sliding platform, and abole-carrier connected with said sliding platform.

9. In apparatus of the class described, a

vehicle frame, an elevator supported thereby, a turn-table on saidelevator, a platform on said turn-table, said platform. being providedwith a member to ride on said frame and with a stop, a sliding platformmounted on said first-mentioned platform, said stop being in the path ofsaid sliding platform, and'a bole-carrier, connected with saidlast-mentioned platform.

10. The combiniition, in apparatus of the class described, with avehicleframe, a sliding member thereon, and 'a bole-carrier connectedwith said member, of detachable supporting means for the lower rear partof said carrier when the latter is moved with class described, with avehicleframe, a sliding member thereon, and a bole-carrier connectedwith said member, said carrier having at one end an offset root-basesupporting part, of detachable supporting means for said part when saidcarrier is movedwith' 4 said sliding member.

12. The combination, in apparatusof the class described, with a vehicleframe, a sliding member thereon, a bole-carrier connected withsaidmember, said'carrier having at one end an offset root-basesupper-halide roller carried by such support, .of detachable supportingmeans for said root-base -support and traclcmeans, for said roller whensaid carrier is moved said sliding member. 13. The combination, inapparatus of the class described, with a vehicle frame, a slid-- ingmember, a supporting member for such sliding member, a bolecarrierconnected mg means for 1,5 grooves to receive said flanges, .an

with said sliding member, said carrier having at one end an offsetroot-base support,

for said root-base support,"

of a track'plate, at one end attachable to and detachable from saidsupporting member for said sliding member.

14. In apparatus of the class described, a

bole-carrier comprising a hollow frame hava. post having side 'inginturned flanges,

and actuatrooves to receive said flanges,

said st. 15. In apparatus of the class described, a bole-carriercomprising a hollow frame having inturncdfianges, a post havin sideprovided at the bottom end with supporting means which extend imder thebottom end 7 of said frame, and actuating means for said post. v 16. Thecombination, in a paratus'ofi the class described, with a vehic e frame,and a power transmission shaft, of an elevator mechanism for supportedby said frame, raising and lowering said elevator, means to connect saidmechanism with and disconnect it from said shaft, and tree-haudlinmembers mounted on and connected wit said elevator.

,17. The combination, in apparatus of the class described, with avehiclefrem and a power transmission shaft, of rotatable threadedsleeves journaled in said frame,

screws in threaded; engagement :with said sleeves, worms mounted in saidsaid shaft, -40

to connect said mechanism with and disconnect it from said shaft, aturn-table on said elevator, and tree-handling members mounted on. andconnected with said turn-table.

'19. The coi'nbination, in apparatus of the class described, with avehicle frame, a reciprocable member, and a bole-carrier pivotallyconnected with said reciprocable memher, bf means to lock said carrier,when in an approximately horizontal position, to

said reeiprocable member.

20. T he combination, in apparatus of the qlfiSS described, with avehicle frame, an

elevator supported. by said frame, and a tilting bole-carrier supportedby said ele vator, of means to lock said carrier, when in 'anapproximately horizontal position, in

such position.

21. The combination, in apparatus'of the class described, with a vehicleframe, a roe tatablc member, and a su ortcd by saidmember, of means tolock $311 carrier, when m an approximately horizontal position in suchposition.

22. The combination, in apparatus of the class described, with a vehicleframe, an elevator supported by said frame, a reciprocable membersupported by said elevator, and a bole-carrier pivotally' supported bysaid reciprocablc member, of'means to lock said carrier to saidreciprocable member, when the former is in an approximately horizontalposition. v y v 23. The combination, in up iaratus of the classdescribed, with a vehic e frame, a rc-,

ciprocable member, a rotatable support for such member, and abole-carrier pivotally supported by said reclprocable member, ofmeans-t0 lock said carrier to said reciprocable memberilwhen the formeris in an appmoximawly orizontal position. ,The combination, in apparatusof the class described, with a vehicle frame, an elevator supported bysaid frame, a rotatable member mounted on-s aid elevator a on saidrotareciprocable member mountcih table membeiy an d aboleweurier'pi'votally supported by said reciprocabl'e.member, of meansto lock said carrier to said reciprocable member, when the former, is inan ap-, proximately horizontal position,

In apparatus of thcaelass described,c

vehicle frame, supporting me en's thereon, and a bole-carrier providedwith angularlyarranged intermediate means of pivotal connection with.said supporting meaps,

supporting means.

26. In apparatus of the class described, a vehicle fran1e,'a slidingmember, a'mcxnber supported by said to support said sliding member, anda holecarrier provided with angularlvarranged intermediate means ofpivotal connection with said sliding member, and further protiltingbole-carrier.

and further providcdwith olisct end means (if support adapted to bear onthe aforesaid frame and adapted f vided with offset end means forsupport on said su 'iporting member.

DWVIGHT F. PREVOST.

Witnesses:

DAVID GOBMAN, R. H Tunes.

